The  Partisan  Attack  015 '  Secretary  Robeson— Democratic  Reform 


3*1.  £>• 
T3ip 


aijd  their  Platfornj  Exalted.  p  ^ 


MO&'Tj 


Speech  of  Hon.  Jacob  M.  Thornburgh, 


Or  TENNESSEE, 


nr  THE  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES,  MONDAY,  JULY  31,  1876 

flu  the  Report  front  the  Committee  op  NaVal  Affairs. 


Mr.  THORNBURGH.  Mr.  Speaker, months 
since  when  we  saw  the  singular  spectacle  of 
the  Naval  Committee  of  this  House  sitting 
with  closed  doors,  with  the  padlock  of  se¬ 
crecy  on  the  mouths  of  its  members,  and  saw 
a  cloud  of  witnesses  hovering  around  the  com¬ 
mittee-room,  composed  to  a  very  considerable 
extent  of  disbouest  and  discharged  employees, 
disappointed  bidders  for  contracts  whose  ef¬ 
forts  to  defraud  the  Navy  Department  had 
been  seen  and  foiled,  and  persons  of  disrepu¬ 
table  character,  both  men  and  women,  some 
extremely  partisan  action  like  the  report  we 
have  before  us  was  easily  foreseen.  This  se¬ 
cret  star-chamber  proceeding,  after  months 
of  labor,  have  presented  us  a  report  which, 
without  presenting  specific  charges  against 
any  one,  yet  throws  a  cloud  of  suspicion  upon 
a  large  number  of  officers  in  our  Navy  whose 
gallant  services  in  the  past  in  the  suppres¬ 
sion  of  the  rebellion  and  whose  unstained 
honor  has  made  them  the  pride  of  the  Navy 
and  of  the  nation.  The  extraordinary  propo¬ 
sition  is  heard  from  the  democratic  majority 
to  turn  over  the  four  thousand  pages  of 
printed  testimony  taken  by  one  committee  of 
this  House  to  another  committee,  in  order 
that  they , who  have  had  no  time  or  opportunity 
to  examineit,may  ascertain  whether  the  Secre¬ 
tary  of  the  Navy — a  man  of  unstained  reputa¬ 
tion  heretofore — trusted  and  tried  in  other 
high  official  positions,  has  violated  any  law 
or  committed  any  crime  or  misdemeanor  for 
which  he  can  be  impeached.  • 

The  Committee  on  Naval  Affairs  in  this  re¬ 
port  both  directly  and  indirectly  smirched  his 
administration,  and  have  left  a  cloud  of 
charges  floating  indiscriminately  over  the 
heads  of  all  the  officers  of  the  Navy.  They 
have  lacked  the  courage  or  ability  to  point 
out  the  law  that  has  been  violated  and  the 
man  or  men  by  name  who  have  committed 
any  offense.  If  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  has 
done  anything  to  justify  it,  present  articles 
'of  impeachment,  and  we  will  put  him  on  trial. 
If  he  has  not,  let  us  have  the  courage  and 
manliness  to  say  so. 

But  it  is  easily  seen  that  the  purpose  is  in 
the  closing  hours  of  this  session  to  shirk  all 
such  responsibility  and  fair  dealing,  and  turn 
it  over  to  another  committee  who  will  be  un¬ 
able-  to  report  at  this  session,  so  that  the 


truth  cannot  be  known  and  the  officers  of  the 
Government  vindicated  until  after  the  presi¬ 
dential  election.  This  I  submit  will  be  to 
strike  a  cowardly  blow  and  run  away.  This 
proposed  action  comports  entirely  with  the 
policy  pursued  by  the  democratic  majority  in 
this  House  throughout  this  entire  session. 
This  is  a  specimen  of  the  kind  of  reform 
which  the  democratic  party  is  trying 
to  commend  to  the  American  people.  This 
Naval  Committee  has  been  laboring  in  the  in¬ 
terest  of  reform,  not  the  ordinary  kind  which 
commends  itself  by  pointing  out  abuses  and 
proposing  clearly  defined  remedies,  but  a  kind 
of  reform  that  can  be  only  defined  by  calling 
it  democratic  reform,  the  sort  of  reform  which 
forms  the  burden  of  the  St.  Louis  platform. 
And,  Mr.  Speaker,  as  entirely  germane  to  this 
subject,  for  this  is  purely  a  political  and  par¬ 
tisan  report,  made  because  the  interests  ot 
the  democratic  party  demand  it,  I  will  take 
the  occasion  to  examine  somewhat  in  detail 
the  reform  platform  democracy  recently 
adopted  and  the  kind  of  reformer  they  have 
placed  upon  it  to  bring  a  political  milennium 
in  these  degenerate  days. 

The  following  testimony,  contained  in  the 
Credit  Mobilier  report,  taken  by  a  committee 
of  this  House,  will  show  something  of  the 
kind  of  a  reformer  Governor  Tilden  is.  In 
hi8  testimony  taken  by  that  committee  Mr. 
Oakes  Ames,  the  head  and  front  of  the  Credit 
Mobilier  corporation,  said: 

By  Mr.  Hoar: 

Question.  Why,  instead  of  issuing  capital 
stock  to  make  up  the  balance  of  the  Oakes 
Ames  contract,  did  you  not  simply  issue  bonds 
or  notes  or  other  evidence  of  indebtedness  of 
the  company  for  the  balance  ? 

Answer.  And  not  have  any. stock? 

Q.  Have  a  subscription  of  such  an  amount 
as  you  choose — large  enough  to  govern  the 
company  only.  You  had  some  stock  sub¬ 
scribed,  $2,000,000,  and  10  per  cent,  paid  in, 
before  yon  started.  I  do  not  know  that  this 
has  any  bearing  upon  the  case;  but  I  wish  to 
know'  why  it  w«ns  necessary  to  adopt  this 
roundabout  method  of  having  the  contractor 
nominally  subscribe  for  a  quantity  of  the 
stock.  What  advantage  did  you  gain  by  the 
violation — for  it  was  a  Violation — of  the  law  ? 


Tr—r..  ■■  — i  ■  .  .  .  ,  ■  ,  ■■  i. .  ■■  it  .  .  ■  n . .  ■ 

A.  Well,  we  wanted  stock  enough  to  vote 
on  to  control  the  road.  , 

Q.  But  you  have  got  nominally  about  $38,- 
000,000  of  stock  there  ? 

A.  Yes,  6ir.  Is  that  too  much  ? 

Q.  I  do  not  mean  to  intimate  that  it  was  too 
much;  but  is  not  the  note  of  a  corporation 
worth  more  than  its  capital  stock  ? 

A.  It  is  not  so  good  for  the  corporation, 
though,  because  they  will  have  to  pay  the 
note,  and  the  capital  stock  is  good  for  nothing. 
Stock  is  considered  the  best  form  in  which  a 
company  can  put  these  things,  because  they 
ain’t  obliged  to  pay  anything  on  it  unless  they 
earn  the  money. 

Q.  But  suppose  that  precisely  the  same 
parties  in  interest  had  complied  with  the  law 
which  requires  them  to  subscribe  what  capi¬ 
tal  stock  there  was  in  cash  and  had  subscribed 
two,  three,  or  five  millions  of  dollars,  and 
issued  the  notes  of  the  company,  payable  with 
interest  at  such  time  as  they  saw  fit,  why 
would  not  that  have  been  better  for  the  con¬ 
tractor  and  better  for  them,  being  at  the  same 
time  a  compliance  with  the  law  ? 

A.  Persons  engaged  in  railroads  generally 
think  that  if  they  can  get  the  capital  into 
stock  it  is  the  very  best  way  in  which  they 
can  have  it,  because  then  they  are  under  no 
obligations  to  pay  anything  upon  it  unless 
they  earn  it,  while  if  they  have  notes  and 
bonds  out  they  must  either  pay  or  go  to  pro¬ 
test. 

Q.  But  that  is  in  cases  where  the  ownership 
of  the  capital  and  the  ownership  of  the  in¬ 
debtedness  are  in  different  persons.  In  this 
case  you  proposed  to  have  the  ownership  of 
the  capital  stock  and  the  ownership  of  the  in¬ 
debtedness  in  the  same  persons  substantially, 
who  were  represented  by  those  seven  trustees. 

Mr.  Oakes  Ames.  If  you  will  allow  me  I 
will  say  a  word  in  answer  to  that.  The  stock 
would  go  into  the  hands  of  various  parties; 
those  trustees  could  not  carry  the  notes,  and 
when  the  notes  got  about  into  different  hands, 
first  one  would  sue  and  then  another  would 
sue. 

Q.  Were  you  not  informed  by  the  counsel 
who  drew  the  contract  that  this  was  a  viola¬ 
tion  of  the  law  ? 

A.  We  were  informed  by  counsel  whom  we 
consulted  that  this  issuing  of  stock  as  a  pay¬ 
ment  upon  the  contract  for  building  the  road 
was  in  entire  compliance  with  the  law. 

Q.  Who  were  the  counsel  that  gave  you 
that  advice  $ 

A.  Mr.  Charles  Tracy,  Mr.  Samuel  J.  Til- 
den,  and  Judge  Allen. 

Q.  All  of  New  York? 

A.  All  of  New  York.  They  were  the  par¬ 
ties  that  were  consulted  in  this  matter. 

Q.  Was  this  contract  drawn  before  or  after 
General  Butler’s  visit  to  New  York  ? 

A.  The  Oakes  Ames  contract  ^vas  before, 
and  the  assignment  to  the  trustees  was  after. 

Reform  is  needed,  we  are  told,  “to  correct 
the  omissions  of  a  republican  Congress  and 
the  errors  of  our  treaties  and  diplomacy.”  Re¬ 
form  is  always  in  order,  and  will  be  as  long 
as  humanity  is  aspiring  and  civilizatipn  ad¬ 
vancing.  Reform  is  simply  growth,  improve¬ 
ment,  a  change  for  the  bqjder.  There  can  be 
no  question  as  to  the  necessity  of  reform.  It 
should  be  sought  for  at  all  times  by  individ¬ 
uals,  States,  and  nations. 

But  who  shall  introduce  it  ?  How  shall  it  be 
brought  about  ?  These  are  questions  that  peo- 


- -  ....  ■—i.nVitt-A. 

pie  must  answer  for  themselves,  and  no  party 
can  claim  that  it  has  a  special  monoply  in  the 
field  of  reform.  If  a  party  persists  in  claim¬ 
ing  that  no  other  party  can  bring  about  re¬ 
form,  the  people  will  naturally  ask  in  what 
special  instance  has  it  shown  peculiar  fitness 
as  a  reformer.  If  this  question  should  be 
asked  the  democratic  party,  what  single  in¬ 
stance  could  it  cite  that  would  satisfy  the  peo¬ 
ple  that  its  claim  was  well  founded  ?  I  know 
of  none.  The  democratic  platform  opens 
with  the  assertion  that  it  is  demanded.  The 
republican  part^  has  been  practicing  it  for 
the  past  fifteen  years. 

Reform,  we  are  told  from  the  St.  Louis 
platform,  is  needed  to  rebuild  and  establish 
in  the  hearts  of  the  whole  people  the  Union. 
If  this  had  read  “rebuild  and  establish  the 
Union  in  the  democratic  party”  it  would  have 
been  to  the  point.  The  Union  was  rebuilt 
years  ago,  and  has  been  established  as  firm  as 
a  rock  in  the  ^hearts  of  republicans  through¬ 
out  the  land.  Apply  the  reform  spirit  where 
it  is  needed,  among  those  who  have  hated  the 
Union  and  who  still  act  as  if  their  hatred  con¬ 
tinued,  and  the  world  will  applaud  this  plank. 

Reform  is  necessary,  they  say,  “to  estab¬ 
lish  a  sound  currency,  restore  the  public 
credit,  and  maintain  the  national  honor.”  If 
this  democratic  platform  did  not  so  state,  no 
one  would  believe  it.  A  sound  currency? 
When  was  the  people  blessed  with  a  sounder 
one  ?  Who  has  lost  a  dollar  by  the  bill  of  a 
broken  national  bank  ?  The  work  of  the 
counterfeiter  has  been  almost  destroyed; 
from  Maine  to  California  the  peopler  are  fa¬ 
miliar  with  the  currency;  imposition  is  almost 
impossible.  The  currency  is  sound,  the 
soundest  we  ever  had,  and  the  republican 
party  has  paved  the  way,  and,  if  not  interfer¬ 
ed  with,  hope  to  make  it  by  1879  as  good  as 
gold  and  the  soundest  currency  in  the  world. 

“Restore  the  public  credit?”  Why  it  never 
was  lost.  It  stands  high  to-day  in  the  mar¬ 
kets  of  the  world.  It  stands  better  than  ever 
before  in  our  history.  Na State  governed  by 
the  democratic  party  can  begin  to  compare 
with  it  in  credit.  Even  the  best  State  stocks 
of  New  York,  a  State  governed  by  the  man 
who  has  been  selected  to  restore  a  credit  that 
never  was  lost,  fall  below  it;  while  the  credit 
of  the  Southern  States,  sapped  of  their 
vitality  by  democratic  misrule,  has  sunk  so 
low  that  it  almost  causes  a  blush  when  we 
read  the  quotations.  But  the  national  credit 
stands  high,  thanks  td  the  wisdom,  the 
ability,  the  integrity  of  the  republican  party. 
Reform  of  the  credit  of  the  Government! 
Would  that  this  same  partv  now  howling  so 
lustily  this  battle-cry  had  practiced  a  little  of 
what  they  profess  in  my  own  State,  where 
they  are  and  have  been  for  years  in  power, 
and  have  dishonored  her  fair  name  by  almost 
hopelessly  ruining  her  credit,  leaving  her  ob¬ 
ligations  unpaid,  allowing  her  debt  and  in¬ 
terest  thereon  to  accumulate  until  already 
some  of  their  own  reform  party  are  threaten¬ 
ing  the  eternal  disgrace  of  the  whole  people 
of  one  of  the  noblest  and  proudest  States  in 
this  Union  by  repudiation.  The}'  have  par¬ 
alyzed  her  energies,  cripjjled  her  resources, 
manipulated  her  bonded  debt  in  the  interest 
of  democratic  cliques  and  rings  until  her 
bonds  are  now  quoted  at  forty-four  cents  on 
the  dollar,  and  still  no  preparations  for  re¬ 
form  can  we  see  in  the  future. 

Tennessee  is  not  the  only  State  in  the  South 


3 


where  the  people  have  seen  some  of  the  beauties 
of  democratic  financial  reform.  The  State  of 
Texas  is  democratic  in  every  department,  and 
the  San  Antonio  Herald  is  one  of  the  leading 
democratic  organs,  and  will  not  be  suspected 
of  falsehood  or  even  of  exaggeration.  It  says: 


In  our  ^Legislature  the  characteristic  fea¬ 
tures  are  waste  and  extravagance.  Offices 
are  multiplied,  salaries  are  increased,  and  the 
people’s  domain  squandered  in  the  most 
reckless  manner;  but  the  sacred  trust,  the 
school  fund,  amounting  to  $800,000,  commit¬ 
ted  to  their  fiduciary  care,  is  also  violently 
seized, and  appropriated  to  the  payment  of 
mileage  and  per  diem. 

This,  let  it  be  it  remembered,  is  done  by  the 
men  who  are  clamorous  for  Tilden  and  bis 
sort  of  reform.  Nor  is  this  the  worst  of  the 
case.  Under  republican  rule  the  State 
expenses  were  about  $300,000;  now  they  are 
nearly  two  millions.  In  its  issue  of  July  8th 
the  San  Antonio  Herald  says  boldly: 

Our  State  government  is  a  curse  and  our 
laws  are  a  mockery.  By  the  apathy  of  the 
State  government  anarchy  prevails  and  law¬ 
lessness  and  crime  abound.  The  people  must 
act  in  their  own  defense;  the  governor  and 
Legislature  will  not. 

This  is  a  picture  of  democratic  reform  drawn 
by  a  democratic  pen. 

Other  instances  of  democratic  reform  of  the 
same  kind,  where  they  have  exercised  full 
power,  could  be  cited.  It  is  enough  to  say 
these  given  are  the  rule  and  not  the  exception 
of  the  kind  of  democratic  reform  the  States 
have  enjoyed  under  democracy.  In  order  to 
show  that  this  cry  of  “reform  in  our  national 
credit”  is  wholly  for  political  effect,  I  will  give 
the  quotations  of  our  national,  securities  at 
the  stock  exchange  in  New  York: 


U.  S.  loan  6  per  cent,  registered,  1881 . 119% 

6  per  cent,  coupon,  1881 .  120% 

5-20  registered,  1865 .  1 16% 

5-20  coupon,  1865 .  116% 

5-20  registered,  new  issue,  1865.  117% 

5-20  coupon,  new  issue,  1865 -  117% 

5-20  registered,  1867 .  119% 

5-20  coupon,  1867 . ll!»% 

5-20  registered,  1868 . 131% 

5-20  coupon,  1868 .  121% 

10-40  registered . 117% 

10-40  coupon .  118% 

5’s  registered,  1881 . 116% 

G’s  coupon,  1881 . 117% 

6’s  currency,  1895-99 .  125% 

American  gold . 111% 

But  they  say  also  in  their  platform  they 
want  to  come  into  'power  “to  maintain  the 
national  honor.”  When  did  the  national 
honor  stand  higher  than  to-day?  Where  is 
the  nation,  great  or  small,  that  does  not  re¬ 
spect  the  United  States  more  to-day  than  ever 
before?  England  does;  France  "does;  Ger¬ 
many  does;  Russia  does;  all  the  great  powers 
look  up  to  us  as  never  before  in  our  career 
If  any  disrespect  has  been  shown  our  national 
honor,  it  has  been  by  our  own  people,  by  the 
commission  of  lawless  acts  in  the  Southern 
States  in  defiance  of  national  authority  and 
the  common  pleadings  of  humanity. 

With  a  sound  currency,  with  good  credit 
everywhere,  and  with  a  national  honor  equal 
to  the  most  favored  nation,  how  supremely 
foolish  sound  these  partisan  denunciations 
which  were  breathed  at  St.  Louis  and  put  to¬ 
gether  and  called  a  platform,  denouncing  as 
a  failure  what  the  people  know  to  have  been 
a  success  and  what  the  historian  will  record 
as  the  grandest  financial  success  of  the  cen¬ 
tury;  denouncing  as  financial  imbecitity  ant 
party  immorality  a  currency  system  which 


has  made  it  possible  for  the  nation  to  meet  its 
heavy  obligations  Avithout  disturbing  the  busi¬ 
ness  interests  of  a  single  community  or  trench¬ 
ing  upon  the  rights  of  a  single  individual.  If 
this  system,  which  has  given  the  nation  a  uni¬ 
form  currency,  is  the  result  of  financial  imbe¬ 
cility,  what,  I  would  ask  in  the  name  of  rea¬ 
son,  constitutes  financial  wisdom?  But  the 
eagerness  of  all  classes,  high  and  low,  rich 
and  poor,  republicans  and  democrats,  to  se 
cure  a  share  of  this  currency  and  to  hold  fast 
to  it  when  other  values  are  gladly  surrender¬ 
ed  gives  the  lie  to  this  charge  and  proves  to 
my  satisfaction  that,  no  matter  what  is  said 
in  this  platform,  those  who  made  it  do  not 
believe  in  the  truth  of  what  they  uttered. 

A  sound  currency,  that  we  are  all  glad  to 
get  and  sorry  to  part  with;  over  $600,000,000 
paid  on  the  national  debt;  internal  taxes  re¬ 
duced  in  'amount  from  $309,236,818.42  in 
1866  to  $110,007,493.58  in  1875;  our  national 
securities  higher  than  ever  and  sought  after 
by  the  capitalists  of  the  whole  world,  are 
items  in  the  financial  policy  of  the  republican 
party  that  challenge  the  admiration  of  the 
American  people.  The  St.  Louis  denuncia¬ 
tions  are  but  empty  sounds,  devoid  of  truth, 
and  lacking  the  semblance  of  plausibility. 
The  platform  can  scarcely  be  called  a  “decla¬ 
ration  of  principles,”  but  would  be  better 
.suited  for  a  violent  partisan  campaign  docu¬ 
ment,  if  it  Avere  not  false  in  its  statement  of 
facts,  false  jn  its  theories,  and  false  in  its 
conclusions;  for  even  a  campaign  document 
ought  to  be  true  in  all  these  respects. 

WhileT  am  not  among  the  older  and  more 
experienced  members  of  this  body,  I  have 
lived  long  enough  to  see  the  majority  of  the 
people  in  districts  and  States  deluded  as  were 
“the  children  of  Israel  when  God  sent  upon 
them  a  strong  delusion  that  they  might  be¬ 
lieve  a  lie.”  The  masses  in  the  Southern 
States  could  never  have  otherwise  been  led 
by  their  political  orators  and  newspapers  into 
rebellion;  that  the  theories  and  principles 
which  they  taught  were  fallacious,  and  the 
hopes  they  inspired  were  a  delusion  and  a 
fraud,  no  one  can  now  deny. 

Only  two  years  ago  democratic  orators 
made  themselves  hoarse,  and  democratic 
newspapers  were  frantic  at  the  untold  and 
unceasing  miseries  that  would  be  forever  en¬ 
tailed  upon  the  American  people  should  the 
“civil  rights  bill”  become  a  law.  In  many 
sections  of  the  country  the  public  mind  was 
excited.  The  vivid  pictures  so  artfully  drawn 
of  the  great  national  calamities  to  follow  the 
passage  of  that  measure  deceived  many  hon¬ 
est  men,  and  to  this  fraud  and  delusion  many 
gentlemen  on  the  other  side  of  this  Chamber 
are  permitted  to  hold  their  seats  in  this 
House  to-day.  The  bill  did  become  a  law. 
Who  has  felt  any  of  the  fearful  evils  so  viv¬ 
idly  pictured?  And  now,  having  gained  a 
majority  in  one  House  of  Congress  by  delud¬ 
ing  and  deceiving  the  people  upon  false 
issues,  false  in  fact,  false  in  theory,  and  false 
in  conclusions,  they  reneAV  their  efforts  to 
manufacture  other  material  of  the  same 
character  for  the  coming  campaign.  Unable 
or  unwilling  to  go  into  the  contest  on  issues 
which  are  real,  tangible,  pertinent  to  the 
public  interests,  needing  discussion  and  future 
action  by  whatever  party  shall  be  in  power, 
they  have  gone  vigorously  to  work  and  have 
wasted  months  of  this  session  of  Congress, 
prolonged  the  session,  and  spent  nearly  hall 


4 


\ 

a  million  dollars  of  the  people’s  money  in 
endeavoring  to  find  a  slender  pretense  on  the 
evidence  of  witnesses,  many  of  whom  would 
not  be  believed  in  a  court  of  justice,  to  charge 
extravagance  upon  the  republican  party  and 
corruption  on  its  favorite  leaders.  They 
hope  again  by  such  tactics  to  delude  and  de¬ 
ceive  enough  of  the  people  to  control  the 
elections  by  an  unceasing  howl  of  extrava¬ 
gance  and  corruption,  by  wholesale  slander 
against  republican  officials,  and  then  with  un¬ 
blushing  impudence  present  democracy  as  a 
reform  party,  and  a  Tammany-hall  leader, 
the  former  colleague  of  Tweed  &  Co.,  and 
the  attorney  and  adviser  of  Credit  Mobilier 
swindles,  as  the  great  reformer  ®f  the  age. 
But  to  return  to  their  platform. 

Reform  is  necessary  to  secure  the  resumption 
of  specie  payments,  is  it  ?  I  think  not ;  for 
the  day  has  been  already  decided  fipon,  and 
no  claim  has  yet  been  made  that  it  is  too  far 
Off.  Can  democracy  secure  it  sooner?  It 
makes  no  such  pretension.  It  simply  de¬ 
nounces  the  republican  party  for  taking  no 
steps  in  that  direction,  and  yet  with  its  usual 
consistency  demands  the  immediate  repeal 
of  the  only  practical  measure  that  it  has 
taken.  In  other  words,  it  condemns  it  for 
not  doing  a  certain  thing  and  then  denounces 
it  for  doing  that  very  thing.  Well  may  we 
exclaim,  “Humbug,  thy  name  is  democratic 
reform !  ” 

Reform  is  necessary  to  secure  a  better  sys¬ 
tem  of  finance  than  we  now  enjoy.  What  is 
this  better  system  ?  Can  any  one  tell  ?  The 
platform  of  the  democratic  party  is  not  very 
explicit.  It  says,  in  the  language  of  a  Ches¬ 
terfield  and  the  ambiguity  of  the  Chinese 
tongue : 

We  believe  such  a  system,  well  devised 
and  above  all  intrusted  to  competent  hands 
for  execution,  creating  at  no  time  an  artifi¬ 
cial  scarcity  of  currency  and  at  no  time 
alarming  the  public  mind  into  a  withdrawal 
of  that  vaster  machinery  of  credit  by  which 
95  per  cent,  of  all  business  transactions  are 

f>erformed,  a  system  open  to  the  public  and 
nspiring  general  confidence,  would  from 
the  day  of  its  adoption  bring  healing  on  its 
wings  to  all  our  paralyzed  industry,  set  in 
motiop  the  wheels  of  commerce,  manufac¬ 
tures,  and  other  mechanic  arts,  and  renew 
in  all  its  natural  sources  the  prosperity  of 
the  people. 

This  is  all  very  pleasing,  but  what  is  this 
system  that  is  to  bring  healing  on  its  wings 
to  all  our  paralyzed  industry,  set  in  motion 
the  wheels  of  commerce,  manufactures,  and 
other  mechanic  arts,  and  renew  in  all  its 
natural  sources  the  prosperity  of  the  people  ? 
Why  has  it  not  been  brought  forward  by  the 
majority  of  this  House  ?  Is  it  to  be  kept  a 
profound  secret  ?  Have  letters-patent  been  ap¬ 
plied  for  or  a  caveat  filed  to  protect  the  inven¬ 
tor?  Let  us  have  it  now,  for  if  it  is  all  that 
is  claimed  for  it,  there  will  be  no  “dead 
lock”  on  its  passage.  Come,  O  system  of 
Utopian  promise  !  come  with  healing  on  your 
wings  !  Is  there  a  democrat  on  this  floor  who 
can  refuse  this  splendid  opportunity  to  im¬ 
mortalize  his  name  by  introducing  this  magi¬ 
cal  system,  born  of  the  angels  but  now  un¬ 
fortunately  under  the  especial  guardianship 
of  the  democratic  party?  There  is  no  such 
system,  and  none  know  it  better  than  the  very 
gentlemen  who  penned  those  brilliant,  worth¬ 
less  promises.  If  I  am  wrong  in  the  state¬ 
ment,  will  the  democratia  Committee  on 
Banking  and  Currency  tell  us  what  this  sys¬ 


tem  is  ?  If  it  is  known  it  can  be  described. 
If  it  cannot  be  described,  then  it  is  not  worth 
the  language  thrown  away  upon  it.  If  it 
stands  to  finance  as  the  Keeley  motor  does 
to  mechanics,  then  let  us  know  all  about  it 
or  cease  to  further  humbug  the  public. 

We  are  told  that  reform  is  needed  “in  tho 
aim  and  mode”  of  Federal  taxation.  The 
aim  of  Federal  taxation  is  to  secure  money 
enough  to  pay  the  expenses  of  the  Govern¬ 
ment.  Is  not  the  aim  a  laudable  one  ?  Where 
can  reform  be  applied  to  this  ?  The  mode  of 
Federal  taxation  may  be  a  fair  question  for 
debate,  but  the  present  mode  is  certainly  not 
“a  masterpiece  of  injustice,”  as  it  has  been 
called.  The  people  have  recognized  it  as  the 
best  possible  under  the  circumstances.  It 
would  be  pleasing  if  it  could  be  abolished  with¬ 
out  injury  to  the  public  interests,  but  it  can¬ 
not  be.  The  expenditures  which  have  grown 
out  of  the  rebellion  must  be  met.  Large  rev¬ 
enues  have  become  a  necessity.  No  honest 
man  would  repudiate  our  national  obligations. 
Therefore  our  internal-revenue  tax  must  con¬ 
tinue  to  be  collected,  though  it  may  be  possi¬ 
ble  to  somewhat  simplify  the  mode  of  col¬ 
lecting  it.  This  I  have  endeavored  to  do,  so 
that  in  sparsely  populated  sections  of  the 
country  those  who  desire  to  manufacture 
spirits  and  raise  tobacco  on  a  small  scale  may 
be  enabled  to  do  so  and  avoid  the  harsh  and 
rigorous  provisions  of  the  law  made  to  con¬ 
trol  the  immense  establishments  of  other  sec¬ 
tions.  But  for  eight  months  our  democratic 
Committee  of  Ways  and  Means  have  been 
unable  to  reform ,  or  to  propose  or  agree  to 
any  measure  which  will  reform,  either  the 
mode  or  the  aim  of  collecting  the  internal-rev¬ 
enue  taxes.  If  there  is  a  better  way,  give  it 
to  the  people.  Bills  are  introduced  and  buried 
in  the  committee.  Eight  months  is  certainly 
long  enough  to  devise  some  means,  if  any  ex¬ 
ist,  in  the  mode  of  assessing  and  collecting 
internal-revenue  taxes;  either  present  us  one 
or  cease  this  cry  of  demagogism. 

Again,  we  are  told  that  reform  is  necessary 
in  the  scale  of  public  expenses,  Federal,  State, 
and  municipal,  and  to  give  force  to  this  asser¬ 
tion  we  are  told  that  “our  Federal  taxation 
has  swollen  from  $60,000,000  gold  in  1860  to 
$150,000,000  currency  in  1870;  our  aggregate 
taxation  from  $154, 000, 000 gold  in  1860  to$7i30,- 
000,000  currency  in  1870,  or  in  one  decade 
from  less  than  $5  per  head  to  more  than  $18 
per  head.”  I  know  nothing  about  the  cor¬ 
rectness  of  these  figures,  but  I  do  know,  and 
the  democrats  know,  the  cause  of  this  large 
increase.  It  represents  the  price  paid  by  the 
pepple  for  the  Union.  Is  it  worth  the  money 
expended?  If  it  is,  and  I  believe  it  is,  then 
the  burden  imposed  upon  us  should  be  borne 
cheerfully,  and  I  have  faith  enough  in  the 
American  people  to  believe  that  it  will  be. 

But,  Mr.  Speaker,  it  provokes  both  a  smile 
and  a  feeling  of  indignation  to  hear  the  charge 
made  against  the  republican  party  by  the 
democracy  that  the  expenses  of  the  Govern¬ 
ment  are  increased  and  too  great,  that  taxes 
are  burdening  the  people,  that  there  are  too 
many  clerks  and  employees  in  the  Depart¬ 
ments,  and  our  wicked^  extravagance  has 
brought  it  about.  Do  they  think  the  memory 
of  the  American  people  is  so  short  as  to  for¬ 
get  that  the  democratic  party  of  the  South 
entered  into  a  four  years’  rebellion,  and  was 
aided  qnd  encouraged  by  many  of  their  north¬ 
ern  brethren' who  are  co-operating  with  them 


5 


to-day?  Do  they  suppose  the  people  do 
not  know  that  billions  of  treasure  was  a  part 
of  the  price  we  paid  to  preserve  the  union  of 
the  States  and  make  this  happy  centennial 
rejoicing  possible  ?  Do  they  not  know  who 
laid  these  burdens  that  are  so  hard  to  bear 
on  our  shoulders?  We  pay  to-day  about 
ninety  millions  interest  on  the  money  we  bor¬ 
rowed  to  put  down  the  rebellion.  We  pay 
about  thirty  millions  more  in  pensions  to  dis¬ 
abled  Union  soldiers,  their  widows  and  or¬ 
phans;  we  pay  many  millions  more  to  officers 
of  the  regular  Army  on  the  retired  list;  for 
the  examination  and  payment  of  claims  for 
supplies  t%ken;  increase  of  clerical  force  to 
regulate  and  preserve  the  enormous  records 
accumulating  from  a  four  years’  war  with 
two  millions  of  men  on  the  rolls — all  this 
growing  directly  out  of  the  rebellion.  Yet 
the  men  engaged  in  that  rebellion  and  those 
in  full  sympathy  with  them  then  as  now  are 
loudest  in  bitter  denunciation  of  the  extrava¬ 
gance  of  the  republican  party;  or  to  quot 
the  language  of  an  able  Senator,  they  tell  us — 

You  republicans  did  not  conquer  our  re¬ 
bellion  quite  as  cheaply  as  you  ought  to 
have  done;  you  have  not  handled  taxation 
and  the  public  debt  and  the  other  conse¬ 
quences  growing  out  of  our  treason  as  well 
as  you  ought  to  have  done.  Therefore  we 
are  indignant  about  it.  You  ought  to  have 
done  this  business  better;  you  ought  to  have 
whipped  us  at  half  the  expense,  and  you  did 
not.  We  propose  to  take  the  Government 
out  of  your  hands  and  ourselves  to  settle 
with  and  deal  with  the  consequences  of  our 
own  Crimes  and  blunders. 

Municipal  reform  and  economy  are  neces¬ 
sary.  No  one  doubts  it.  The  city  of  New 
York  is  an  example  of  this  need.  What  re¬ 
form  has  democracy  instituted  there  ?  It  has 
had  an  undisputed  field.  What  has  it  ac¬ 
complished  ?  It  has  ’  increased  the  citv  debt 
from  $36,000,000  in  1867  to  over  $132,000,000 
in  1876.  Yet  there  has  been  no  war  to  carry 
on,  no  extraordinary  expenses  to  meet.  Is 
this  the  kind  of  reform  democracy  would 
bring  to  the  nation  ?  If  it  is,  our  national 
debt  would  be  nearly  $10,000,000,000  before 
the  close  of  a  single  term  of  democratic  con¬ 
trol.  If  democracy  has  done  better  than  this 
in  any  other  city  where  it  has  had  control,  let 
us  have  the  name  of  the  city  and  the  charac¬ 
ter  of  the  reform  established. 

As  for  the  practice  of  economy  in  public 
expenditures,  I  believe  in  it.  The  republican 
party  practice  it.  But  saving  money  does 
not  always  indicate  economy.  You  may  re¬ 
fuse  to  build  a  light-house  where  one  is  need¬ 
ed  and  thereby  save  a  few  thousands  of  dol¬ 
lars,  but  you  inflict  an  injury  on  commerce 
and  on  humanity  which  cannot  be  calculated 
in  dollars  and  cents.  You  may  refuse  to  fin¬ 
ish  a  public  building  and  thereby  keep  a  few 
thousands  in  the  Treasury,  but  the  work  is 
needed  and  must  some  time  be  executed.  Yon 
have  simply  postponed  payment.  There  is 
no  economy  in  that.  You  may  cut  down 
your  appropriation  bills  several  millions,  but 
you  risk  a  serious  injury  to  the  public  service 
which  you  have  no  right  to  incur.  You  may 
stop  public  improvements,  discharge  mechan¬ 
ics  and  laborers,  shut  up  factories  and  work¬ 
shops  engaged  on  public  works,  and  may  call 
this  economy,  but  it  is  not  economy.  You 
have  set  an  example  for  those  who  have 
money  and  ought  to  spend  it  to  withhold  ex¬ 
penditures,  ,shut  down  on  labor,  and  thus  you 
have  contributed  to  the  general  stagnation  of 


business.  Is  this  economy?  You  may  call  it 
economy,  but  the  people  next  November  will 
call  it  by  its  right  name,  political  stupidity. 

You  may  cut  down  the  pay  of  the  over¬ 
worked  and  faithful  letter-carriers,  who  serve 
the  people  early  and  late,  through  sunshine 
and  storm,  exposed  to  the  fierce  heat  of  Sum¬ 
mer  and  the  extreme  cold  of  Winter,  but  this 
is  not  economy;  it  is  legalized  injustice,  and 
will  be  so  regarded  when  the  people  come  to 
render  their  verdict. 

You  may  reduce  salaries  established  when 
democracy  was  in  power,  and  then  none  too 
large,  when  gold  was  the  currency  of  the  land 
and  when  every  article  entering  into  house¬ 
hold  consumption  was  cheaper  than  now;  but 
this  is  not  economy,  it  is  simply  parsimony 
uncalled  for  by  any  exigency  of  the  times  and 
indefensible  on  any  grounds  except  those  of 
partisan  warfare. 

You  may  save  a  few  thousands  of  dollars 
by  withdrawing  the  fast  mails,  and  might  ap¬ 
pear  to  save  more  by  returning  to  the  old 
stage-coach  system  of  transportation,  but  you 
cripple  the  postal  service,  and  entail  a  loss  di¬ 
rect  and  indirect  on  every  business  man  who 
values  quick  dispatch  and  to  whom  the  ?ery 
earliest  information  has  become  a  vital  neces¬ 
sity.  You  may  call  this  economy,  and  may 
argue  on  this  floor  that  it  is,  but  when  you 
return  to  your  constituents  you  will  discover 
that  you  have  committed  a  blunder  that  can¬ 
not  be  excused  or  justified  on  any  grounds  of 
public  necessity. 

True  economy  consults  public  interests  and 
may  often  be  found  in  the  increase  rather 
than  in  the  diminution  of  public  expendit  ures. 
By  refusing  to  appropriate  sufficient  money 
for  the  proper  care  of  our  navy-yards,  arse¬ 
nals.  mints,  custom-houses,  and  other  public 
buildings  that  constantly  need  to  be  watched 
and  repaired,  you  actually  waste  the  public 
funds,  for  you  entail  upon  subsequent  years 
expenditures  that  would  be  unnecessary  if  a 
proper  sum  had  been  appropriated  to  care  for 
and  properly  guard  the  property  of  the  Gov¬ 
ernment.  The  sailor  who  fails  to  stop  a  leak 
when  he  first  sees  it  may  discover  when  too 
late  that  his  folly  and  neglect  have  cost  him 
a  ship. 

Is  it  economy  to  refuse  sufficient  appropria¬ 
tions  for  the  rivers  and  harbors  scattered  all 
over  this  broad  land  which  can  easily  be  made 
navigable  by  a  reasonable  expenditure,  unless 
in  the  same  bill  you  incorporate  useless  and 
reckless  expenditures  on  “creeks  that  will 
not  swim  a  duck,”  and  where  the  engineers 
report  that  the  first  thing  necessary  is  a 
steam-pump  to  pump  up  the"  water  to  start  a 
river?  And  yet  this  is  the  character  of 
economy  we  have  seen  practiced  in  this  House 
where  the  democratic  party  is  in  power.  I 
do  not  claim  that  republican  legislation  is 
perfect,  that  errors  have  not  been  committed; 
but  I  do  claim  that  it  stands  ready  to  punish 
its  dishonest  officials,  correct  its  errors,  and 
that  the  American  people  can  with  far  more 
confidenee  intrust  the  administration  of  this 
Government  in  its  hands  than  to  turn  it  over 
to  democracy. 

Again,  we  are  told  that  reform  is  necessary 
in  the  civil  service,  and  are  further  informed 
that — 

Experience  proves  that  efficient  econom¬ 
ical  conduct  of  the  governmental  business 
is  not  possible  if  its  civil  service  be  subject 
to  change  at  every  election,  be  a  prize  fought 


6 


for  at  the  ballot-box,  be  a  brief  reward  of 
party  zeal  instead  of  a  post  of  honor  assign¬ 
ed  for  proved  competency,  and  held  ror 
fidelity  in  the  public  employ. 

Does  democracy  practice  what  it  here 
preaches?  Can  it  be  claimed  that  the  republi¬ 
can  officials,  many  of  them  wouuded  ex-Fed- 
eral  soldiers,  who  were  removed  by  the  ma¬ 
jority  of  this  House,  were  less  efficient  than 
the  democrats  who  were  appointed  to  their 
places?  If  they  were  as  efficient  why  were 
they  removed?  Everybody  knows  they  were 
removed  because  they  were  republicans.  Had 
they  been  democrats  they  would  have  been 
retained.  I  refer  to  the  radical  changes 
made  in  the  employees  of  this  House  since 
democracy  controlled  it  simply  to  show  that 
the  democratic  Solons  of  St.  Louis  differ  very 
widely  from  the  democratic  Solomons  here 
assembled,  or  St.  Louis  was  insincere  in 
its  pretensions.  I  prefer  to  believe  the  lat¬ 
ter,  for  a  close  observation  has  convinced  me 
that  democracy  is  about  the  same  everywhere; 
it  believes  in  democracy,  it  surrounds  itself 
with  democracy,  it  makes  war  on  anything  or 
everything  that  appears  hostile  to  democracy. 

If  offices  should  be  held  by  men  as  a  re¬ 
ward  for  competency,  as  a  post  of  honor,  for 
fidelity  in  the  public  employ,  why  did  the 
official  ax  decapitate  men  of  tried  ability 
and  known  integrity  in  this  House.  Why 
was  it  used  so  fiercely  when  Tilden  replaced 
'John  A.  Dix,  and  swept  the  State  of  New 
York  of  republican  officials?  Why  is  it  that 
in  every  State,  county,  town,  or  city,  where 
democracy  controls  the  appointments  that 
none  but  democrats  are  found  in  office  ?  The 
answer  is  plain.  It  is  simply  because  it  is 
the  policy  of  the  party  to  surround  itself  by 
its  friends;  and  in  the  full  glare  of  this  policy 
the  reform  alluded  tc  Ui  the  St.  Louis  plat¬ 
form  seems  to  be  as  much  out  of  place  as  a 
prayer-meeting  would  be  in  Tammany  Hall. 
Again  allow  me  to  exclaim  :  “Humbug,  thy 
name  is  democratic  reform. ” 

xnere  may  be  abuses  which  have  crept  into 
the  civil  service,  but  these  can  be  corrected 
without  destroying  the  party  that  has  built 
up  a  civil  service  which  is  as  honorable  and 
as  efficient  as  any  in  the  world.  To  say  that 
“the  first  step  in  reform  must  be  the  people’s 
choice  of  honest  men  from  another  party,”  is 
to  say  that  the  only  way  to  stop  a  leak  is  to 
destroy  the  ship  and  build  another;  or,  to 
make  an  illustration  more  applicable,  to  de¬ 
stroy  a  vessel  that  is  known  to  be  staunch  and 
seaworthy  and  to  replace  it  with  one  that  is 
believed  to  be  worm  eaten  below  the  water¬ 
line  and  badly  damaged  above,  and  likely  to 
go  to  pieces  with  the  first  blast  of  the  ele¬ 
ments  . 

Yes,  reform  is  necessary,  and  always  will 
be  until  the  end  of  time;  but  how  is  it  to  be 
brought  about  ?  Our  plan  is  to  select  the  very 
best  men  in  the  republican  party,  point  out 
where  reform  is  needed,  and  let  them  do  the 
work,  and  bring  to  6wift  and  certain  pun¬ 
ishment  all  dishonest  officials.  What  is  the 
democratic  plan  ?  We  have  it  announced  in 
the  platform.  “Reform  can  only  be  had,” 
says  this  oracular  piece  of  timber,  “by  a 
peaceful,  civil  revolution.”  Ominous  words. 
The  last  attempt  of  a  large  portion  of  this 
same  party  at  revolution  was  not  “peaceful,” 
though  they  promised  in  the  beginning  it 
would  be.  It  failed;  and  now  the  same  por¬ 
tion  is  to  try  the  virtues  -of  a  peaceful  revo¬ 


lution.  Will  it  succeed?  First  let  us  ask, 
should  it  ?  Is  there  anything  in  the  present 
condition  of  public  affairs  that  would  justify 
a  revolution  of  any  kind,  peaceful  or  other¬ 
wise  ? 

Our  national  policy  is  a  good  one.  Our  for¬ 
eign  relations  arc  satisfactory.  We  are  in 
the  enjoyment  of  peace  abroad  and,  with  the 
exception  of  our  Indian  troubles,  peace  at 
home.  Democracy  a§ks  for  support  on  the 
grounds  that  it  has  accepted  the  results  of 
the  war  and  the  amendments  of  the  Consti¬ 
tution  as  binding.  If  this  is  so,  why  the  ne¬ 
cessity  of  a  revolution  to  bring  out  reform, 
when  every  measure  of  the  republican  party 
is  in  exact  accord  with  the  changed  condition 
incident  to  these  results  and  amendments? 
What  is  the  meaning  of  revolution?  It  is 
something  more  than  a  change  for  the  better, 
it  is  a  complete  overthrow  of  existing  affairs, 
and  whether  it  comes  in  the  shape  of  poli¬ 
tics  or  war  it  leaves  in  its  track  a  desola¬ 
tion  that  can  only  be  justified  by  the  plea  that 
it  was  the  last  resort  of  an  oppressed  people. 
Webster  says  in  defining  the  term,  “a  revolu¬ 
tion  in  politics  is  the  consummation  of  a  re¬ 
bellion  or  revolt  against  the  established  or  ex¬ 
isting  government.”  Is  this  “peaceful  revo¬ 
lution”  which  the  democratic  platform  tells 
us  is  the  only  means  whereby  reform  can  be 
brought  about  “the  consummation  of  a  rebel¬ 
lion  or  revolt  against  the  established  or  exist¬ 
ing  government?”  If  it  is,  then  indeed  the 
people  should  be  informed  of  its  character, 
and  forewarned  that  its  object  is  to  secure  by 
peaceful  revolution  what  an  armed  rebellion 
failed  to  secure  by  the  sword.  If  it  is  to  be 
a  revolt  against  the  established  Government, 
under  the  cover  of  politics,  who  that  loves  his 
country  can  hesitate  in  deciding  on  which  side 
he  belongs  ? 

Revolution  is  distasteful  in  any  form  to  the 
American  people.  Whether  peaceful  or  war¬ 
like  they  will  accept  it  only  as  a  last  resort. 
That  contingency  has  not  yet  arrived,  nor  will 
it  as  long  as  patriotism  and  loyalty  remain  in 
power.  I  have  an  abiding  faith  in  the  good 
sense  of  the  majority,  and  I  feel  assured  that 
whatever  reform  is  to  be  brought  about  will 
be  inaugurated  by  the  party  that  has  defended 
the  nation  in  its  hour  of  trial  and  guided  it 
with  unparalled  wisdom  through  eleven 
years  of  peace. 

The  voice  of  the  people  will  be  heard  in 
November  through  the  ballot-box,  not  calling 
democracy  into  power,  but  in  a  full,  hearty 
indorsement  of  the  republican  party  and  the 
patriotic  work  that  it  has  performed.  The 
ballot  has  not  yet  failed  us,  and  never  will  as 
long  a6  patriotism,  loyalty,  and  integrity  are 
the  ruling  elements  in  the  land.  On  the  bal¬ 
lot  we  rely  for  the  vindication  of  our  work 
and  the  purity  of  our  motives.  It  is  the  true 
reformer  that  brings  about  improvement  with¬ 
out  revolution  and  corrects  all  wrongs  without 
exciting  rebellion  or  revolt.  When  its  voice, 
denouncing  democracy  and  6ham  reform, 
shall  be  heard,  the  revolutionists  of  the  land 
will  be  forced  to  acknowledge  that — 

There  is  a  weapon  surer  yet 

And  stronger  than  the  bayonet, 

A  weapon  that  comes  down  as  still 
As  snow  flakes  fall  upon  the  sod; 

But  executes  a  freeman’s  will 
As  lightning  does  the  will  of  God. 


Statement  showing  the  Receipts  and  Disbursements  of  the  Government  from  January  i,  1834,  to  June  30,  1875  ;  exhibiting  also  the  amount  of  defalcations  and  the  ratio  of  losses  per  $1,000 
to  the  aggregate  received  and  disbursed,  arranged  in  periods,  as  nearly  as  practicable,  of  four  years  each,  and  also  in  the  periods  prior  and  subsequent  to  June  30,  1861  ;  prepared  under  the 
direction  of  the  Secretary,  to  accompany  his  answer  to  a  resolution  of  the  United  States  Senate,  dated  February  9,  1876,  calling  for  a  detailed  statement  of  balances  due  from  public  officers  no> 
longer  in  the  public  service,  which  have  arisen  since  1830: 

Receipts,  Losses  and  Ratio  of  Loss  per  $1,000  to  Aggregate  of  Receipts. 


% 


? 


*  Includes  receipts  for  loans. 


Disbursements,  Losses  and  Ratio  of  Loss  per  $1,000  to  Aggregate  Disbursements. 


c  . 

in  o  ^  in  ^  w  r^vo  Q 

vo  On  tv.vo  h  in  o  CN  0  On 

S' 

VC  M 

°  8 

CO  CN 

M  ON  H  M  fOHHHM 

w 

rt-  M 

cm  ^ 
O  J! 

■w*  H 

%% 

co  oo  h  m  m  in  o*  co 

cn  m 

, 

'C  \C  co  rf  •*■  in  in  -rt-co  Ov 

in 

m  o 

C/5 

VO  H  covo  0  On  0  O  vO 

co 

mco 

O  mm  ^mT't  m  tj-tn 

On  On  in  H  CN  00  VO  NO_  m,cO 

m  m 

CO 

co  o 

o 

M  H  H  H  00  ^ON^O 

CN 

m 

HH 

h  o  h  C>»  h  cn  On  ro 

00 

cn  m 

■6^  M  CN 

m 

CN  CO 

v* 

rooo  in  H  CN  vo  vO  CN  t^co 

in 

h  rt- 

4-* 

0  rt-m  re >  ert  m  0  O  0*000 

00 

CN  VO 

^  On  moo  co  CNCO  vo  C 

On 

m  rt* 

in  O  vo  't  n  oo  onc^^cn  co 

VO 

CO  00 

P 

ovco  rrt  co  ^oo  m  trt.co  owe 

C^ 

in  m 

J£ 

coo  O  cn  00  vo  n  m  OO  rt- 

VO 

O  VO 

ts  Ov  m  h  m  w  t^vo  m  c^.  on 

CO 

rt-  rt- 

3 

oo  oivo  h  roromooovo  -*■ 

CO 

H  CN 

o’  0*  vo  vo  00  in  rt-  cooo  O  co 

CO 

CN  M 

m  m  cn  co  cn  m 

rt- 

m  on 

5 

•m.  •-■ 

CO 

^  CN 

►3^ 


vO  ON 
Cv  CO 


H  H  00  VO  CO  tWO  H  tV 
rocoo  co^  COOO  Ov  h 


o 

M 


N  N'O  moo  o  m 

VO  M 


8 

1/5 

1/5 

O 


VO  M 

mvo 

vo  m 

m  m 

CN  CN 

O  rt 

co 

M 


6v  cn  h  tv  m  cn  tv"rt*cb— 

CN  OWO  Os  O  VO  ON  rt  CO 

i  moo  tvco  No  ro  t^'O 

00  VO  On  CO  w  CO  rs 

in  C  rt  in  on  mvo 
:  o'  h  qvocT  cTvo  m  m  cn" 

H  HVO  COCO  m  N  IN 
OV  H 


O 

M 


OV  co 
CO  CN 


Cv  CO 

M 

**k 


vS 

CO 

CO 

rt 


o  rt* 

o  o 

CO  ON 
oo  tv 

vo"  vo 
m  m 

CN  CN 


G 

o 

E 

o 

in 

u 

P 

*0 

im 

s 


vn  o  o  0  0  tv  c<  1003  ov  m 

Qv 

C^*vO  rt-COrt-H  rt*  t^>  o  CN  ON 

o 

vo  0  rt-  ro  co  co  co  ro  onOO 

rt- 

in  rt-  mvo  vo  m  o  h  mvo  h 

in 

■+  Cn  ro  m  ■t  O  rt-  co  h  com 

On 

m  On  ro  rt  N  cn' m  Ov  moo 

t>. 

On  0.00  h  cn  cn  vo  co  rt-  c^ 

CN 

0  CO  U-)  O  -tcnrOH  MCO  0 

On 

cn  cn  rt*  m  m  h  rt-  co  on  m  m 

rt* 

HM  mihMHMCNH 

rt- 

tn. 

p-t 

vo  CO 
O  O 

m  on 

ON  m 
Cv  On 

On 
On  cn 
vq  cn 

M  CO 
tv  tv 


>* 

> 

< 

55 


c  . 

°  8 
$  ° 
O  M 


co  rt  tv  in  m  cn  On  co  h  O  O 
in  m  h  rtoo  rt  rt  rtoo  m  in 


0  * 

M 


■  N  CO  CO  N  CO  CO 


CO 


fv  m 

CO  rt 


rt  CN 


n 

v 

w 

•8 

p 


rt  fO  CO  OV  tVGO  (N  't  (N  CO  N 

On  CN  ON  vo  00  VO  in  ^  o  vo  tv 

invo  hvo  co  m  0  On  cn  rt  O 
0  rt  OnvO  on  0  h  co  cn  vo  tv 
rt  cn  cn  vo  rt  m  invo  rt  onvo 

co  H  't  in  h  n  co  onocT  c"  vo" 

h  o  m  m  rt  tvco  tv  on  co  cn 

CN  M  M  H  CO  M  O  H 


tv 

tv 

tv 

CN 

CO 

cn" 

tv 

in 

i 


VO 
CO  On 

0  vo 

CO  ON 

M  VC 

tv  in 
co  oo 
M  co 


G 

v 

E 

V 

<n 

u 

p 

rO 


rt  rtOO  CN  CvoC  On  H  O  VO  On 
CN  VO  rtVO  VO  VO  CO  CN  ONOO  VO 

cn  oo  m  m  tv  o  oo  vo  m  ro  co 

CO  rt  CO  CO  ro  CN  ON  CO  CN  CN  M 

00  00  cooo  ON  ON  On  ON  CO  CN 

mco"  o"  c"  h"  ro  in  ro  co  rC  o" 

tv  cn  cn  in  tv  rt-  rt  cn  tvoo  co 

CN  -rf-  ON  in  tvco  vo  CN  m  ON  ^ 

o"  rt  rt  covo"  o"  cn"  rt  o"  m  cn" 
cn  cn  cn  co  com  m  h  cn  oo  m 
*W.  co  H 


oo 

00 

o 

in 

On 

CN 

m 

CN 

vo" 

M 

00 


CN  VO 
CN  VO 

H  O' 
O  rt 
m  rt 

tv  in 
CO  H 
rtOO 

CO  CN 
rt  Cv 

cn  in 


C  . 

O  0 

O  oo  m  rt-vo  m  mvo  cn  t^co 

H 

Ov  CN 

(A  8 
n  m 

VO  -vt-miJ-N  0  CM  u">  Ov  OV  CM 

ON 

t''*  CO 

ro  rn  CN  00  Onvo  co  h 

H 

VO  M 

O  H 

H 

•SP 

*A 

■** 

co  ONOO  CO  m  t^sOO  m  ON  On  0 

vO 

CO  CO 

oo  oo  m  co  0  co  rt-  mvo  cooo 

Ov 

m  rt- 

</5 

CM  CCVOVinOO  r<3VO  00  NON 

CO 

ON  ON 

vo  N  in  Mn  ro  h  vo  rt-0  rt* 

CO 

in 

in 

O  co  ro  d  h  ro  mco  mcvN 

VO 

m  o 

^nKr,.v*vrvM.nA.v 

CN  vo  CO  N  cOOO  t's,»  h  CN  On  ro 

H 

rooo 

9 

O  O  rt-  rt*  C^CQ  rt-  rt-VO  CN 

CN 

rt-  t'- 

hJ 

m  cn  NrorocN  cn  m  h 

in 

m  O' 

^  rt- 

cC 

cn  rt* 

tG 

•A 

CN  ro  H  co  CN  m  ro  Ov  CO  O 

CO 

oo  m, 

rm 

ro  ^  av  co  co  ro  vooo  ov  cm 

0 

CN 

C 

CN  rt-00  rt-CO  m  CN  0  cn  co 

H 

H  C\ 

mvo 

D 

CN  OnOO  0  CNVO  N  cn  h  \£)  N 
rt*  0  m  cn  onvo  m  rt*  m  on  m 

CN 

0 

m  rt- 

m  h  ro  0  0  CN  N  Ov  On  0  rt- 

vo 

H  rt* 

S2 

aj  moo  ooo  ov  o  *o  ir-uiro 

vo 

vo  0 

oo  r^Mj-iocM  "t-  ro  in  s  m  -<- 

m 

VO  Ov 

P 

vo  rs  o’oo  O  cn  oo  coco  mco 

o 

rt*  m 

ro  ro  cm  co  "t-vo  co  m  co  r-.co 

co 

t"*  in 

P 

•ftn.  Mn  h 

cn" 

On 

ro 

ro  m 
^r^ 

a 

o 

►. 

K 

H 

H 


^  ^  . . AOM 

tr  rt  rt  rt  m  mvo  vovo  nn 
S?oo  oooooooocooooooooo 


;ooooooqooo 

Pjco/ococococococococo 

.ouoooouoo 
OCCCCGGGGG 
^PPPCPPPPP 


o 

p« 

O  O 


ooooooooo 


CO  to  't  m  invo  vo  vS^  tv 
oooooooooooooocooooooo 

MHHHHMHHHMH 

m"  m"  h"  h"  h  m"  h"  m"  m  m"  h 

P  C  H  I— «  « — '  <— *  •  • — 1  «--*  f-j  ' 

rt  CS  .C3 .3.3.S  p  3.^.3 


4-* 

o 

H 


„  m 
vo  ^ 
oo 

H 

££ 
ss 
I-3 

o  o 

i  1 


T*-  ^ 

fOVO 

00  00 


rt  3 


'O 

tt> 

3 

rt 

■rH 

+3 

fl 

o 

o 

I 

w 

-t-s 

fl 

o 

a 

© 

K 

XI 

ta 


© 

+3 

c3 

M 

© 

Pi 

hL 

b£ 

o 

+3 

o 

o 

o 

rH 

<&■ 

u 

© 

p. 

to 

to 

o 

Pi 

Cm 

o 


-u 

as 

« 

T) 

P 

w 

ro 

0) 

ro 

ro 

O 

•> 

ro 

fl 

CD 

a 

© 

ta 

Pi 

P 

X 

to 


c  . 

uv  vo  Ps  mi-  l-vo  eo  H  oo  0  VO 

dv 

CM  00 

°  S 

m  m  co  co  vo  oo  Ov  rt-  rt*  rt*  cn 

m 

0  tv 

H 

r/5 

n  8 
n  - 

0  h  o  oo  tv  mv©  H 

M  CN  M 

O 

H 

& 

« 

h 

M-^-OCMOOI-CMM  t^OO  H 

00 

o 

oco  -<mk>  vo  vo  in  ov  h  -r-oo 

CN 

ov  m 

bj 

C/5 

<0  n«  ovn  b  inn  h  «<» 
oo  in  -i-vo  Ov  vo  <N  cm  -*-  c  ro 

00 

cn  m 

> 

CN 

CN  o 

t^vo  fiHHcocoovo^m 

Ov 

tv  CN 

in 

C^ 

ro  Ov  ro  CM  in  -J-  cm  Ov  Ovvd  0 
vo  Ov  ro  m  oo  c^  ov  Ovoo  -1- 

VO 

m  in 

R  W 

O 

VO 

vo  o 

•4  y 
a  m 
X 

mJ 

M  00  H  t~-  M-vo  CM  vooo  0  co 

CN^ 

m  ov 

hcvmmmmcmvomm 

V* 

CN 

CN 

cn  dv 

WA 

«A 

1A 

Ov-l'-t*C^-t‘VOOVCM  O  O  m 

mr 

3 

C/5 

4-» 

MCOCMlOHVOCOCMMOvCO 

o 

m  in 

< 

1003  M  o  co  vooo  M  Ov  Ov  Ov 

CN 

H 

'  c 

CM  co  0  O  Ov  t-^vo  c-M  invo  M 

tv 

o 

<u 

CO  rt-  rt*  bi  rt-CO  CN  Ov  CN  moo 

o 

H 

6 

oo  rt-  r^.  rt*  o"  oo"  rn  t^.vo'oo  ov 

0  Qvoo  av  mco  m  os  m  cn 
cn  0  h  m  mvo  m  rt-  m  m  vo 

o" 

tfi 

a 

tv 

00 

tv  ov 

rn 

O 

« 

O 

p 

P 

rO 

C/5 

S'VMvSCHlSftSS 

O  NOvm  rt  mco  Nh  h\c 
m  m  O  O  OnOO  cn  vo  on  0  0 
m  m  h  cn  m  cn  mvo  co  vo  rt* 

vo" 

m 

Ov 

Qvvo" 

VO  M3 
m  n 

rt*  m  CN  h 

m 

H  CN 

Q 

M 

^  H 

*A 

c  . 

1 

°  8 

00  Ov  ON  mvo  rt-  r^s  t>»vo  On  h 

Cv  QV 
OvOO 

H 

MM-c-movOvt'-ocoino  1 

in 

C/3 

HVO  rt  O  00  'O  00  CN  H  H  H 

m 

o 

O  M 

H  CN  H  H 

Om 

mJ  % 

Wb 

fc 

M  "CO  CICO  -J-CI  M  rvoo  M 

00 

M  tV 

o 

0  co  -i-oo  vo  vo  m  ov  h  -i-oo 

CN 

ov  m 

M 

cm 

n; 

VOCOCMOVCMCMincNMCMCO 
oo  in  -tvo  ov  m  cm  cm  -i-  o  m 

00 

cn  m 

> 

CN 

CN  O 

r^vc  CM-McocoovocMm 

Ov 

tv  CN 

C/3  . 

P  W 

n 

cp  Ov  cn  ci'  in  P  cm'  dv  OvvcT  o" 
vo  cv  cn  m  co  c^  ov  ovoo  -i- 

VO 

•N  «V 

m  in 

vo 

vo  o 

h3  u 

M 

m  co  m  c--  -t-vo  cm  moo  o  m 

CN 

m  cv 

r5  Oh 

hcNhmmhCNvOhh 

CN 

CN 

CN  Ov 

M 

Ho 

*A 

J*&r 

N_> 

H  M  M  rt-vo  co  m  Ov  o  CN  N 

oo  cn  oo  mvo  rt-  r>vo  co  cn 

CN 

J 

cm 

in 

0  rt 

< 

C 

in  t>  cm  voco  n-r^o  -ism 

CN 

vO  vo 

H 

<D 

rt*  CN  CN  CN  m  Qv  OV  m  N  01  CO 

N  rt  m  o  cx)  m  •-  m  rt-  oo  co 

CN 

o 

G 

H 

(*j 

h  m  m,  h  oo  n  ov  m  i"  moo" 

tv 

cn 

moo  vo  oo  co  ov  K  n\  rt 
0  vo  h  mo  o  cn  m  t  v  vo  o 

m 

H 

w 

u 

Ov 

rt  m 

rv 

rt  o  oo  m  in  h  m  on  m  m  m 

0 

vO  rt 

z 

O  h  r^vo  vo  -i-vo  n-  m  mvo 

CN  m 

MM  H  M  CN  CN  M  0  O  CO 

m 

P 

m  m 

vo" 

h  m 

‘tA 

■SA 

C2 

°  9 

N  m  rt  m  On  N  CN  MVO  COCO 

« 

rtoo 

c/j  Q 

hoOmmONOvOOvOhu-> 

*  O 

O  cn 

O  J' 

H  CM  HVOCCJMCMH 

CN 

m  h 

N  M 

»— 1  ^ 

•SA 

>6A 

vo  vo  vo  rt-  0  mvo  m  rt*  O  m 

OO 

00  O 
tvvO 

4 

inco  -i-  cm  c»  0  i-vo  c^vo  vo 

m 

w 

cm 

VO  ov  Cv  M  VO  00  00  t>sVO  O 

ov  0  rt-  cn  t^-vo  movN 

CN 

cv  CN 

u 

00 

O  tv 

Pi 

cm 

HD  00  VO  in  Ov  M  CM  -f  CM  c^  Ov 

m 

m  rt- 

o 

cn  m  ci  cm  cm  o’  cm  cn  t-T  tM.  P 

Cv 

vo"  m 

ij 

h  m  moo  owo  h  m 

00 

tv  M 

o 

CN  H  MM 

« 

m  rt 
V* 

H 

3? 

co  t>*o  h  rt*  o  rt-  m  m  ov  m 

CN 

IS1 

M  CvCM  -f  PNN-t  OWO  0 

00 

tv  0 

o 

c 

Hi 

<D 

-1*  h  o  oo  0  0  CM  invo  OV  1- 

rt- 

00  vo 

C 

CO  vo  in  N  N  M  CN  00  OO  fv.  CN 

m 

tv  Cv 

G 

O 

80  OVC-vfinM  OvO  CM  0  tv 

co 

VO  M 

cm 

tv  -l-vo  H  CM  Ov  tv  Ovvo  CM  tv 

m1 

O  m 

u 

ovoo  vo  vo  oo  m  m  i*>-  m  m  rn 

vo  cn  vo  oo  m  rt-  Ov  o  h  r^s 

in 

owe 

3 

M 

rt-vo 

rG 

h  oo  oo  vo  vo  0  vo  co  m  rt-  m 

I  Ov 

dv  Ov 

,2 

h  m  m  m  cn  rt*  m  rt-oo  o  vo 

00 

00  Ov 

P 

VI  M 

rt- 

H  CN 

I  m 

>1A 

C  . 

O  Q 

1-incM  -i-  m  m  ci  mi-tvm 

m 

M  CO 

cm  o 
cm  ^ 

in  ovoo  oo  0  tv  cm  vo  m  tv  o 

M 

vo  0 

cn  t'svo  cn  cn  r^oo  ov  m  m  cn 

Ov 

00  rt- 

O  ^ 

h  ov  rt-  cn  h 

M 

p*^ 

MA 

*A 

m  N  CN  rt*  rt-  H  VO  m  CN  rt-VO 

VO 

Ov  tv 

O  1-  CM  +  Nh  OsOO  03  Ooo 

in 

Ov  m 

C/3 

. 

rt-vo  cn  cn  m  rt*  m  m  vo  moo 

tv 

vo  o 

cm 

in  m  mvo  oo  oo  moo  m  vn  -i- 

vo 

CN  rt 

o 

V 

H  m  rt-  CN  tv  o  tv  CN  H  Ol  CN 

rt 

CO  VQ 

w 

cm 

5  vnoo  vocvcmi-mOOcv 

VC 

VO  ov 

z 

< 

O 

o  co  o  vo  owo  m  h  oo  -i-  h 

O 

m  rt- 

p 

S2  rt-  0  tv  oo  oo  oo  h  o  rt-  m 

Vi  i  •.  •>  *. 

M 

H  QV 

•»  A 

CN  M  MM 

0 

tv  CM 

mJ 

M 

1A 

U 

C/3 

tvvo  mmo  m  m  mw  tvov 

tv 

tv  O 

cm 

4-* 

10  tNO  tv  co  owo  CM  m 

vo 

CN  rt- 

a 

two  cn  tv  in  two  rt-vo  mvo 

VO 

m  m 

V 

tv  moo  tv  av  0  cn  rt-  m  rt*  ov 

CN 

0  CM 

E 

OOVCMOOVWOOOOOCMCM 

tv 

m  rt 

O 

h  cn  m  m  Ov  cn  cn  m  vo  cn  cn 

cn 

tvvo 

cm 

CM  tvmmOvCM  0  -1*  CM  COH 

C 

00  M 

p 

P 

•s 

Ov  m  m  h  co  m  inn  ov  O  <n 

00 

rt  co 

m  in  m  cn  co  h  m  m  h  oo  vo 

m 

rt  h 

cm  cm  cm  mvo  m  o  i-i  0  -i  m 

o 

00  CN 

H  M  H  m  CN  CN  h 

p 

M 

tvii  in  dv  ci  li  h  indvcnvn 
p:  2.  P  m  mvo  vo  vS  tv  cv 

iiv  m  rn  OOOOOOCOOOCOCOCO 

m  m 
VC  tv 
00  00 

M  M 

«y*VSSC\»v*VlV 

f, 

M  h'  O*  o  0  0  0  O  0  0  o 

PjPj^rnmmmmmmm 
.  .uVt>l>VVUUV 
t-,ueCCCCCCCC 

O  0 
m  m 

t>  03 

• 

3  C 

Q 

C 

«  «  §33333333 

K 

W 

Pi 


oooooooo°2S  £3  ° 


W*oo  N  m  Cmo  t'-  h 

in  vovc  <o  vo 

00  00  «o  cocooooocooooooo 


o 

H 


H  H  H  M  M 


c  a  a 

rt  rt  rt  a  3  3.3  3D. a 


COVO 
00  CO 


p  •— « 
rt  P 
H-V— \ 


^•Sg--3 

”  fc-3  °  s 

*3  a  wc 
«  o  ♦»  o  0> 

|SI|« 

©  3  S  & 

®  *3  tii  p 
§  Jfj-S 

oo  c:  ^ 

a  S?Sa  g 

§s^52 

1  «s  2-5 

a  O  ^  P  -H 

2 

o’  5  o  f3 .2 

S-3S85 
jc  g  =S«^ 

a  ®  ^  o 

£  >£  £i  p 

w  ®  ©  V,  2* 


m  ^  o  h 
ra  I  S)*2  C-< 
o  *rt  OQ  C  Ct 


o  “  .2  2  S 
.  .2  o  s  p  -h 
3^5  S 

00  g  XS  ««  * 

»||’2-§5 

<p  ©  *2  *-  2 

•n  9  ?  o  «  -. 

^  eo  .9 
«  E  c+? 

O  C4  M 

00  ^  CO  •  H  H 

2  ©.2 

^  Op'l!  L  E 

^  fe  a  to  5  S 

^  C--3S 

*•“  s  a  s  s 

2  ”«3 9 ® 

I§^|3 

»  m"§  2  J-S 

*®  m  S  ®  5  s 

«o  «  5  aft 
O  0  © 
0X3  J  ^  Q 

^  **  s  5;  p,s 

X3  42  O  © 
w  o  rL»© 

^■E  S2  f'g 

n  S  £  afi.S 

•g  g 5  §«  £ 

^  O  -H  4X 

o  a  « 'd  m 
o  S  2 .9 
•se3p«« 
"9  ®  a  ^  c 
-  S  ®  ■ 


S-o- 

g.°  « 


3  rt  2  a 

?1*:S 


sou 

a2!' 

2  ©  .E  rP  v 

I.I|.S«“s 

slog  g  P. 

Wo  «3  S  irt 

0  «  o-°s  =« 

°  §  a  I®  g 
PS  g^-S-3 

«  O  p  o 

o  SP  o  « •£  5r> 

M  Ss  ►  PO 

^  *S  «  a>  « , 

5|S|-I1 

t-<2  g^js 

C  rrj  ^  — rt  00 

(Pv-5  O  a 5 
o*1--  u  o 

.» 3  ”  rt  8  o 

3  a  2  S  p  g 

^  2  £  °  ,0 

3§»o-5S 

n  fl  J3  c  r 

2  0)  *2  *j  ft)  o 

P,rG  (t_,  t-'>rt-rt 

^|i!« 

.•aS83eJ* 

»o  »  oi^  mk  ; 

a  £  ®2  ^  5  < 

Km  g  «£  < 

4)  ®  ^  . 

p«isa-: 
■5  «  t,  5^3  < 
|S  O  «S -p  p  S  t 

P  (Prt  M  I 


